For most Indian women one of the most exciting aspects of dressing up in Indian Ethnic wear is the range of vibrant colors and vivid hues that they can choose from. While most Western Couture is defined by a limited range of palettes that are considered season appropriate, Indian Ethnics have no such limits. You can pick any color for any part of the year and no Pantone color of the year is going to stop you.

Indian women wear is a delightful break from the monochrome monotony of western attire and offers that in a range of palettes to suit every taste- be it subtle cotton pastels, or silks in rich jewel colors, linens in earthy neutral tones or the bright spring shades of printed calico, no one else does colors like we Indians do.

Most of the fabrics we wear today are colored in synthetic dyes that are chemically produced in labs with modern technologies, many of which are even harmful to the environment. That doesn't however mean that we didn't know vibrant colors before the lab produced dyes became widely available.

In the ancient period natural dyes made from plants, animal extracts or minerals were the only available sources of fabric dyes. While most dyes were either mineral pigments or plant extracts from sources like flowers, woods, nuts, seeds, berries, barks, and roots, some other sources like certain fungi or lichens, or even insects and shellfish were also not uncommon.

We have been colouring our fabrics since thousands of years with locally available materials. In India there are almost  four hundred and fifty dye yielding plants. Even at a site as old as Mohenjo-Daro, a 5000 year old scrap of madder dyed cloth was excavated. In fact, not surprisingly India has a rich heritage of being one of the world's foremost and biggest suppliers of natural dyes to the rest of the world in ancient times. People in regions like ancient Greece, Egypt and even ancient Phoenicians relied on Indian dyes.

Some of the most prolifically produced colors in India with a high overseas demand were indigo, yellow, red and purple.

BLUE:

The most popular dye then, reigning supreme till today, was indigo - "The King of Natural dyes" produced from the plant Indigofera tinctoria  which was named after the Greek word for 'dye' - ' indikon'. The fresh leaves were fermented and  and the remaining sludge was drained and dried into indigo cakes.

GREEN :

Indigo dyed fabrics were dyed with yellow tints to get a green hue. Woad was also commonly used. 

RED:

Various shades of Red and pink pigments were derived in India from the red or black berries found on the common madder plant from the coffee family which was once the "The Queen of Natural dyes". In fact the color known as Turkish red was developed in India much before it reached Turkey. Red pigment derived from natural unprocessed shellac or lac was also once used to dye Kanchipuram silk sarees.

YELLOW:

Yellow was derived from an unconventional source in ancient India. Cows were fed yellowed mango leaves and their urine was dried to produce a bright yellow pigment.

Turmeric and marigold flowers were used to produce Ocher, a dye that cotton took easily without a color fixer, or mordant. The dry outermost skin of onions was also used to derive a bright yellow tint for silks, wools and cottons.

ORANGE:

Saffron, that we know as kesar, was used to derive orange color for fabrics, even giving the famous moniker to Quaiser Bagh in Lucknow.

And did you know, that the color khaki, produced in India until medieval times from a variant of palm shrubs, was so named because of its resemblance to dry clay or soil, known as khaak, in Urdu. Khaki fatigues were a popular choice among the military, precisely because they could offer their soldiers effective camouflage by allowing them to merge into dry arid landscapes.

PURPLE AND CHOCOLATE :

Another dye still used, although in limited areas, is derived from the Morinda Citrifolia tree in India and Sri Lanka. It results in reds and shades of chocolate and even produces purple, a pigment otherwise derived in antiquity from sea clams. It was extremely rare and hence highly prized. No wonder then that purple robes were only permitted to the royals in areas like ancient Greece, and use of purple clothes by anyone outside the royalty there was punishable by a death sentence.

Marco Polo was the first traveler to India to mention indigo in his memoirs. With the discovery of a sea trade route to India by Vasco de Gama, by the 15th century block printed textiles from Gujarat and Deccan began to be used by Europeans for garments and home linens.

Then, in the 19th century, following widespread farmer struggles and protests against the East India Company's enforced cultivation of Indigo plantations, came the discovery of chemical dyes in England. While at one time India had a virtual monopoly over dyed and printed textile markets,  this change caused immense distress to the Indian textile industry, already failing to compete with the power looms of England.

Originally a piece of furniture, a cushion dates back many centuries. In the Middle Ages they were huge, covered with leather and used to sit on, usually by the lower ranking people of a household. Cushions were also used as a status symbol, the more cushions you owed the wealthier you were!

Today cushions as we know them are soft and used to provide support and comfort to your back or head when sitting on a sofa or lounge chair, and also used to add colour, texture and pattern to our living rooms and bedrooms. Like in past times cushions are available in a wide range of shapes and sizes, with a variety of fillings and covers to suit our homes and our decorating styles. Leather is still used to cover cushions, however, rather than being hard and uncomfortable today the softest leathers are used to provide us with both style and comfort.

Mass production and globalisation has meant that styles of cushions from around the world can be made to replicate style and designs of those used in other countries, enabling us to add another visual dimension to our homes without having to leave the country! The first cushions were stuffed or filled with straw, reeds and feathers and while today feather cushions can still be bought it's more typical to have a synthetic or man-made fibre as fillings.

These synthetic materials enable cushion inners to be laundered relatively easily, are far cheaper and of course give a choice of density, or softness. Today cushions have a cover placed over the inner, giving us the endless variety of fabrics, colours and designs. You can use just about any type of fabric to make a cushion cover and chose whether you want it embellished or plain to suit the room and your personality.

As outdoor areas and patios are now considered extensions of our living area outdoor furniture can also be enhanced with cushions. Cushions for outdoor use usually have a synthetic fabric covering, such as PVC or oilcloth fabric, or are made with fabric which has been given a 'weather-resistant' finish. While PVC makes the cushions somewhat shower proof they can stick to bare skin on hot days.

Interior designers regard cushions as a 'must-have' soft furnishing for living areas and bedrooms due to their ability to 'add the all important finishing touches' without having to cost a fortune. There aren't many living rooms these days that don't have at least one cushion on the sofa, armchair or bed. Floor cushions, or beanbags, still play a role in some homes, more especially those with a contemporary decorating motif, although today anyone can relax on them, they aren't solely reserved for the lower ranking members of the home.